Arch Biochem Biophys 430:22-29, Welsch R, Arango J, Bär C, Salazar B, Al-Babili S, Beltrán J, Chavarriaga P, Ceballos H, Tohme J, Beyer P (2010) Provitamin A accumulation in cassava (, Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I (2000), Yu Q, Ghisla S, Hirschberg J, Mann V, Beyer P (2011) Plant carotene cis-trans isomerase CRTISO: A new member of the FAD. Golden Rice is developed through genetic engineering. This electron path is also indirectly linked to molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor via an oxidase identified through the immutans mutation of Arabidopsis (for review, see Kuntz, 2004). We should use all tools at our disposal to prevent disease and lifelong disability. Filling a biosynthetic gap: Pathway elements in green are functional in wild-type rice grains. The carotenoid pattern observed in the grain's endosperm revealed that the pathway proceeded beyond the end point expected from the enzymatic action of the two transgenes alone. Golden Rice was genetically engineered to include beta-carotene, a chemical that our bodies can use to produce vitamin A. (see also Al-Babili and Beyer, 2005). Despite opposition, the Golden Rice Project continued to gradually gain support such as the blessing from the Pope and the 2015 Patents for Humanity award (Golden Rice Project). Compounds derived from this important pathway include plant hormones, like abscisic acid, the strigolactones and gibberellins. By adding only two genes, a plant phytoene synthase (psy) and a bacterial phytoene desaturase (crt I), the pathway is turned back on and β-carotene consequently accumulates in the grain. A possible threat to biodiversity arises when genetically modified crops breed with wild species (Murnaghan 2016). Chain elongation by C5 units leads to the formation of the C20-compound geranylgeranyl-diphosphate (GGPP). For starters, Friends of the Earth and MASIPAG agree that merely planting Golden Rice will not solve the VAD crisis. Credit: WikiCommons[/caption] What is Golden Rice? IRRI supports its national partners in developing pilot-scale deployment strategies to ensure that Golden Rice reaches the farmers and consumers that need it the most. 2) Curriculum Integration Ideas “The Golden Rice Controversy: Useless Science or Unfounded Criticism”, McLean, Margaret R.  “An Introduction to the Ethical Issues in Genetically Modified Foods”, Murnaghan, Ian. The first generation of Golden Rice showed that it was possible to produce provitamin A in rice grains, but it was recognised that to combat vitamin A deficiency more higher β-carotene levels would be required. As a result, the edible part of rice grains consists of the endosperm, filled with starch granules and protein bodies, but it lacks several essential nutrients for the maintenance of health, such as carotenoid… When the Golden Rice Project was first announced, it was advertised as an exciting solution to the prevalence VAD in developing countries. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated; reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. This could created inadvertent risks to these species, harming them and possibly biodiversity too (McLean, 2005). Friends of the Earth stated that golden rice produces too little beta-carotene to eradicate VAD, solely 1.6 micrograms per gram of rice and 10% of the daily requirement of vitamin A. Lacking vitamin A can increase the risk of death from childhood illnesses and infections, too. In multi-step biosynthetic pathways there is generally a rate-limiting step that controls the flux through the whole pathway. Several known pathways branch off at this point, forming biologically important molecules, such as abscisic acid and strigolactones. Despite numerous and various research on golden rice, there remain many unanswered questions and ethical concerns about golden rice. Golden Rice is a covert attempt to win wider approval for genetically modified food and will not solve problems of malnutrition. This could negatively impact poor farmers who cannot compete with large biotech companies for land and a share of the rice market. Bayer CropScience is attempting to get their latest variety (LL62) approved for use in the EU. In order to create golden rice, scientist inserted four genes into the rice genome encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotenedesaturase, and lycopene beta-cyclase. At the time it became evident already that only phytoene synthase and carotene desaturase (CRTI) were needed to get the pathway going, while lycopene cyclase was not required. The letter stated, “We call upon Greenpeace to cease and desist in its campaign against Golden Rice specifically, and crops and foods improved through biotechnology in general.”. Oxygenation (hydroxylation, epoxidation) reactions lead then to xanthophylls. RB, T-DNA right border sequence; Glu, rice endosperm-specific glutelin promoter; CrtI, carotene desaturase from Pantoea ananas; tpSSU, pea ribulose bis-phosphate carboxylase small subunit transit peptide for chloroplast localisation; nos, nopaline synthase terminator; Psy, phytoene synthase gene from Narcissus pseudonarcissus (GR1) or Zea mays (GR2); Ubi1, maize polyubiquitin promoter; Pmi, phosphomannose isomerase gene from E. coli for positive selection (GR2); LB, T-DNA left border sequence. Between 1993 and 1999, collaborative research between Peter Beyer and Prof Peter Bramley (Royal Holloway College, UK), was funded through EU networks B102-CT-930400, B104-CT97-2077 and FAIR CT96 1633. Schaub P, Al-Babili S, Drake R, Beyer P (2005). Another issue concerns the spreading, ‘escaping,’ or crossing of genes from genetically modified crops. Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. What is another example of a genetically modified organism debate? Fig 1: Pathway overview: carotenoid biosynthesis begins with a small (C5) compound, isopentenyl-diphosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylally-diphosphate (DMAPP). A series of desaturation reactions lead to the coloured chromophore of lycopene, and subsequent cyclization reactions produce the β- and ε-ionone rings. Plant Cell 14:333-342. This would be a great thing. Or are they out to make a profit? “The problem with the farmer’s voice”, Stone, Glenn Davis, and Glover, Dominic. 2. A new version of Golden Rice with increased provitamin A content. • ‘Golden Rice’ is a genetically modified rice with high levels of beta-carotene and other carotenoids. Greenpeace argues against GMOs for the fear of the advancement of biotechnology; however, when enhanced it could improve conditions in developing countries other than solely micronutrient malnutrition. Is it a ploy to enhance public support for GMOs, which could take funding away from cheaper, more realistic solutions? Does the crop sustain after long periods between harvest seasons? Planting and consuming golden rice alongside other interventions (like UNICEF’s supplement program) will make more of a difference than any one intervention alone. Against another opposing view, the Golden Rice Project claims to be a sustainable project in contrast to the ongoing supplementation and fortification programs (Potrykus, 2001). The voices of farmers are often broadcast by activist organization, which may lead us to wonder: what are the developing country farmers true beliefs? Science correspondent Miles O'Brien investigates the debate that’s grown up over the development of golden rice, a genetically modified crop. In addition, the Food Allergy Resource and Research Program of the University of Nebraska researched the rice in 2006 and the conclusion showed that no allergenic properties were found in the proteins from the new genes, an imminent fear from the GMO debate about potential new allergens in GM crops. Golden Rice technology is based on the simple principle that rice plants possess the whole machinery to synthesise β-carotene, and while this machinery is fully active in leaves, parts of it are turned off in the grain. In addition, golden rice may specifically target the deficiency of vitamin A but it could not address the countless additional social, economic, and cultural factors that contribute to vitamin A deficiencies. Only a small number of carotenoids namely those with at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring, such as β-carotene have provitamin A activity. For those interested in scientific details about carotenoids, here's a scientific review that covers the mechanisms controlling (1) the first committed step in phytoene biosynthesis, (2) flux through the branch to synthesis of a- and b-carotenes and (3) metabolic feedback signalling within and between the carotenoid, MEP and ABA pathways; by Christopher Cazzonelli, published in the journal Functional Plant Biology in 2011 (with permission from CSIRO Publishing), Golden Rice Humanitarian Board © 2005-20 | Other Philippine farmers gave contrasting reports, however. The levels of carotenoids obtained in the field amounted to an average of 6 μg/g (about 4 times higher than the prototype), probably due the availability of large numbers of transformation events to select from and the use of the tissue-specific gt1 promoter to drive CRTI expression, while the constitutive 35S promoter had been used in the proof-of-concept prototype. Scientists have added a gene to wild rice that makes it produce beta carotene. Bayer’s line of herbicide resistant rice is known as LibertyLink. (MASIPAG). This reduces the number of transgenes required to only two. This pathway produces beta-carotene, a molecule that becomes vitamin A when metabolized by humans. The primary sequence of CRTI is unrelated to the plant-type desaturases. GGPP is a precursor that can enter several biosynthetic routes, as indicated. Summarize the main arguments of the two sides in the Golden Rice Debate. The current version of Golden Rice has two transgenes, or genes from another species. The amount of golden rice needed for sufficient vitamin A intake would be too great in comparison to the rice available in developing countries. Ethical decision-making demands that we consider an issue from a variety of perspectives. Golden rice is a genetically modified (GM), it is made through genetic manipulation. Golden Rice may seem like a realistic solution for VAD (VAD), but those opposed say the project is deeply flawed. Resistance to GM crops exists worldwide. This changes the colour of the wild rice to a golden colour. They do not share the opposition’s skepticism as to whether golden rice would be an effective solution. Many anti-GMO activists actively voice potential negative consequences of planting and consuming golden rice. Isaacson T, Ronen G, Zamir D, Hirschber J (2002) Cloning of tangerine from tomato reveals a carotenoid isomerase essential for the production of β-carotene and xanthophylls in plants. CRTI is also capable of introducing all four double bonds in one step. For example, UNICEF employs a vitamin A supplementation programs that improves a child’s survival rate by 12-24% with the price of only a few cents. It has been modified by inserting a gene from maize and a gene from bacteria found in soil which allows the plant to biosynthesise beta-carotene in the edible parts of rice. In 2000-2001 Monsanto researched adding glyphosate tolerance to rice but did not attempt to bring a variety to market. Golden Rice – five years on the road – five years to go? Rice is the major staple food for hundreds of millions of people. He began focusing on his research on Golden Rice after many years of working on and researching genetically modified organisms. Schaub P, Yu Q, Gemmecker S, Poussin-Courmontagne P, Mailliot J, McEwen AG, Ghisla S, Al-Babili S, Cavarelli J, Beyer, P (2012) On the structure and function of the phytoene desaturase CRTI from Pantoea ananatis, a membrane-peripheral and FAD-dependent oxidase/isomerase. As many years before, the fight for and against GMOs is still in progress with no immediate sense of resolution. There is also the possibility that genetically modified foods enter the food supply inadvertently from planting GMO crops near non-GMO crops, without knowledge from the consumer. Burkhardt P, Beyer P, Wunn J, Kloti A, Armstrong G, Schledz M, von Lintig J, Potrykus I (1997) Transgenic rice (. Tocopherols (vitamin E), chlorophylls and quinones employ the pathway intermediate GGPP as a building block for their synthesis. Finally, there are social and cultural roadblocks. The biotech industry’s push of their technology raises concerns about their motives and contributes to the negative connotations of GM crops. All plant tissues that accumulate high levels of carotenoids have mechanisms for carotenoid sequestration, including crystallisation, oil deposition, membrane proliferation or protein-lipid sequestration. Rabbani S, Beyer P, Lintig Jv, Hugueney P, Kleinig H (1998) Induced beta-carotene synthesis driven by triacylglycerol deposition in the unicellular alga. 3) Golden Rice Project While some population strata in SE Asia do consume more varied diets, many of the poorest do not, and in fact, in some rural populations rice makes up more than 80% of their daily caloric intake. As stated above, the advantage of the CRTI desaturase lies in the fact that it can perform the entire reaction sequence from phytoene to lycopene on its own, while plants employ two desaturases and two cis-trans isomerases to achieve the same outcome. Given that bioconversion of β-carotene from Golden Rice is a very efficient process, as highlighted on the homepage of this website, a typical diet containing GR2 has a great potential to help alleviate vitamin A deficiency-induced diseases. The transgenic rice was rich in pro-vitamin A. Grains of transgenic rice is yellow in color due to pro-vitamin A, the rice is commonly known as "golden rice". Instead, α- and β-carotene are found together with variable amounts of oxygenated carotenoids (xanthophylls), such as lutein and zeaxanthin. The tissue-specific expression of the PDS/ZDS system, instead of CRTI, in rice endosperm resulted in the formation of coloured carotenoids, showing that the rice endosperm provides the complex requirements for the activity of the plant desaturases. Golden rice may significantly decrease disease morbidity due to VAD in developing countries. Nature Biotechnology 18:666-669. Only a small number of carotenoids namely those with at least one unsubstituted β-ionone ring, such as β-carotene have provitamin A activity. There are eating preferences deeply rooted in longstanding tradition. Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice. Thus, scientists used genetic engineering to … This is where the name “golden rice” derives from as the synthesis of beta-carotene turns the rice yellow. Thus, Golden Rice is yellow because of the activity of intrinsic rice cyclases. “Golden Rice and VAD.”.

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